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| 基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目(41842039),河北省人民政府特别资助项目(Z20177187),中国地质调查局项目(DD20190601),河北地质大学校长基金项目（TS2017-001) |
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| 摘要： |
| 2001年6月，在北京田园洞中发现了较多的人类骨骼、牙齿及丰富的哺乳动物化石，2003—2004年又发现了一些人类与哺乳动物的骨骼，有研究认为田园洞中的沉积物属于洞穴堆积，人类的骨骼属于早期现代人，年代大约距今4万年。但是，洞穴中发现的哺乳动物化石，除1颗残破的鬣狗牙齿外，其余均为现生种，且没有发现任何石器及与人类相关的遗迹或遗存。本次研究认为，以前的结论值得商榷：① 田园洞中的沉积物多为石灰岩角砾及混杂碎屑沉积，成岩性极差，胶结不好，砾石多为棱角状，表明这些沉积物应为裂隙充填，而非洞穴堆积；② 洞穴中的哺乳动物骨骼均为现生种；③ 那颗残破的鬣狗牙齿究竟属于什么种类、什么年代的鬣狗未作交代；④ 人类与哺乳动物骨骼测年采用的是14C方法，且测年数据经过了人为筛选，这些数据显然不足以成为判定人类和哺乳动物年代的证据；⑤ 人类和哺乳动物骨骼几乎没有石化，其内也没有任何充填物质或发生交代作用的痕迹；⑥ 田园洞中的人类下颌右侧支牙齿的齿式为“i1-i2-c-pm3-pm4-m1-m2-m3”，应该有8颗牙齿,由于中门齿缺失，实际上保存了7颗牙齿。众所周知，现代人或智人均发育28颗牙齿，齿式是“i1-i2-c-pm3-pm4-m1-m2”，通常不发育第三臼齿。根据齿式的研究认为，该下颌骨应该代表了一种具有32颗牙齿，或至少具有29颗牙齿的古人类。如果根据人类骨骼的石化程度及裂隙充填物的成岩性，其年代似乎非常年轻（几千年）；如果根据人类下颌骨牙齿的齿式，其年代可以较为古老（约4万年），但田园洞中发现的人类骨骼绝无可能归于早期现代人。 |
| 关键词：人类骨骼 晚更新世晚期 周口店田园洞 北京房山 |
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| Abstract: |
| In June 2001, a considerable number of human bones and teeth, as well as abundant mammalian bones in the Tianyuan Cave were discovered. From 2003 to 2004, some bones of human and mammals were unearthed again. The research team of Dr. Tong Haowen believes that the sediments in the Tianyuan Cave belong to the cave accumulation, and the human bones belong to early modern humans, dating back approximately 40,000 years. However, all the mammals found in the cave, except for a broken hyena tooth, are extent species. Moreover, no stone tools or relics or remains related to humans were discovered. We think that some of their conclusions are questionable. Firstly, the sediments in the Tianyuan Cave are mostly limestone breccia and mixed debris deposits, with extremely poor lithology and cementation, and most of the gravels is angular, indicating that these sediments are filled in fissures, rather than accumulated in the cave. Secondly, all the mammalian bones in the cave are of extant species. As for the broken hyena tooth, they made no clarification on what kind of hyena and its age. Furthermore, TM uses 14C for dating human and mammalian bones, and their dating data was artificially screened. Those data are clearly insufficient to serve as evidence for determining the age of human and mammalian bones. Moreover, the bones of humans and mammals show almost no fossilization, at most only slight fossilization. There are no filling substances or traces of metasomatism within them. Finally, the tooth formula of the right branch of the human lower jaw from the Tianyuan Cave is ″ i1-i2-c-pm3-pm4-m1-m2-m3 ″. Due to the absence of the middle incisors, actually 7 teeth were preserved. Homo sapiens or modern humans are known to develop 28 teeth, and their tooth formula is ″ i1-i2-c-pm3-pm4-m1-m2 ″. They usually do not develop the third molar. We consider that the mandible from the Tianyuan Cave should represent an ancient human with 32 teeth, or at least 29 teeth. If we consider the degree of fossilization of human bones and the poor lithology of fissure fillers, its age seems very young (about a few thousand years). If judged by the dental formula of the human mandible, its age could be relatively ancient, with an acceptable age of around 40,000 years. However, the human bones discovered in the Tianyuan Cave could never be attributed to early modern humans. |
| Keywords:human bone late Late Pleistocene Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian Town Fangshan District, Beijing |
| 季强， 季燕南， 陈少坤， 等.北京田园洞中的人类骨骼真的是早期现代人？[J].地质学刊,2026,50(1):1-6 |
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